Treatment Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - 3510 Words

Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus, whether using insulin, oral diabetes medications, or another means, reduced maternal, fetal, and neonatal risks associated with the disease. When treating GDM, the goal is to bring the patient’s blood glucose levels down to the same levels as those of pregnant women without GDM. Current therapeutic targets are: fasting blood glucose ≠¤95 mg/dL, 1-hour postprandial 140 mg/dL, and 120 mg/dL for 2-hour postprandial blood glucose concentrations (Hernandez, et al., 2011). However, just as there is no universal agreement on screening and diagnosis strategies, there is no universal agreement on the optimal therapeutic targets in the treatment of GDM. Blood glucose concentrations during a normal pregnancy are actually lower than these targets, and in fact, rarely exceed 100 mg/dL in the absence of obesity. Hernandez, et al. (2011) recommended lowering therapeutic targets to levels more in line with normal pregnancies. They found that mean blood glucose concentrations in 255 pregnant women of normal weight without GDM were 71 mg/dL (fasting), 109 mg/dL (1-hr), and 99 mg/dL (2-hr). Given the fact that adverse outcomes are directly linked to blood glucose concentrations, it is appealing to aim for lower levels; however, this goal must be balanced with the possibility of inducing hypoglycemia in patients with treatment. IV. Available Treatments IV. A. Diet and Exercise For women with mild gestational diabetes mellitus (having bloodShow MoreRelatedThe Prevalence Of Gestational Diabetes1325 Words   |  6 PagesGestational diabetes is a glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are important because gestational diabetes can cause serious maternal and fetal complications. Diet and exercise are the first line treatment options of gestational diabetes, while insulin therapy is the first line medical treatment option. Nurses’ play an important role in education and support of gestational diabetes because they provide day-to-day care for their patients. In thisRead MoreRisk Factors : Description Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening1265 Words   |  6 PagesGestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening Description of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes that occurs in pregnant women who do not have a prior history of diabetes mellitus (American Diabetes Association, 2016). It occurs in approximately 7% of pregnant women across the world and 6% of pregnancies in the United States (Caissutti Berghella, 2017). GDM occurs when there is insulin resistance leading to glucose intolerance or high levels of glucoseRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Lifelong Disease935 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease that lessens the body’s ability to use energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. People with diabetes cannot break down the sugars and carbohydrates found in food. The main type of sugar the body uses for energy is glucose; Glucose is the special sugar that fuels the cells in your body. These cells also need insulin, which is a hormone that uses glucose to turn into energy for cells. W ithRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus As A Disability1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe amount of patients being diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus has sky-rocketed these past few years. ‘†In 2010 the figures were 25.8 million and 8.3%†Ã¢â‚¬  and has increased in ‘†2012 to 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3%.†(American Diabetes Association, 2014); it is seen nationwide, and has now even begun to affect our youth. In South Texas Diabetes Mellitus seems to be the number one thriving disease affecting its general population. Diabetes Mellitus is now one of the most widely known diseases thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Gestational Diabetes1016 Words   |  5 Pagesmetabolic disorders during pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its occurrence continues to increase (8). The 2004 analysis by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention states that cases of GDM are at 9.2%. The American Diabetes Association defines GDM as a condition where glucose levels ar e higher than normal either at the start or during pregnancy (1). The definition is used whether insulin or only diet modification is used for treatment and even if the condition continues afterRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Disease1369 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a disease that afflicts approximately 29.1 million American people and is ranked as the 7th leading cause of death in America (â€Å"Statistics About Diabetes†). Thus, understanding and studying this disease has the potential to help better many lives. A patient living with diabetes, or a parent of a child with diabetes all benefit from understanding and learning how to live with this disease, what risk factors to look for and how to adjust life style choices to help preventRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : The Leading Chronic Disease1102 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading chronic diseases that can cause high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia due to a lack of insulin, insulin resistance, or both. The four main types of diabetes mellitus include type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, and other specific types (Darby, 2015, 824). A high rate of periodontal disease has been reported with type 1 and 2 diabetesRead MoreThe Chronic Illness Of Diabetes Mellitus1164 Words   |  5 Pagespeace of mind, emotional health, and family dynamics. Diabetes Mellitus is the chronic disease I chose to focus on due to the personal nature in my family, the high prevalence among Hispanics like myself, and for the large arena of educational improvements that can be made. I believe that increasing education and awareness among the high risk population can bring great strides in prevention and compliant treatment. Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is the chronic illness that I have chosen due toRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus And Type 2 Diabetes Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes mellitus, known as â€Å"diabetes† is a grouping of metabolic diseases that present, over a long period of time, levels of high blood sugar. There are two main forms of diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. In addition to these two, there is also what is called Gestational Diabetes. In all cases, insulin is somehow not doing its job: Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is needed to allow glucose to enter the cells and produce energy. IfRead MoreNutrition Research Analysis1101 Words   |  5 Pages1. Cho, J., Choi, Y., Kim, A., Kim, H., Lee, J., Lim, S., Oh, J., Yoo, H., Yoon,K. Nutritional Intake of Pregnant Woman with Gestational Diabetes or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clinical Nutrition Research 2013; 2: 81-90. Article from a Korean peer-reviewed journal examined the nutritional intake of 125 women diagnosed with gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus for over two years. The woman had not been provided nutritional education on how to manage their blood glucose or proper diet during

Essay about Project management - 2448 Words

Executive Summary This assignment critiques the initiation and execution of the Bring your own device (BYOD) Project 2013 at Robot Eyes Ltd, an electronic component manufacturer for industrial robots. The BYOD program allows sales personnel to utilize their personal smart phones, notebooks and other mobile devices to conduct wireless sales transactions. Robot Eyes Ltd. experienced significant wireless confidential data leakage through the mobile devices, for three consecutive years at the same exhibition center in Singapore. The main data encryption unit’s security software was non- responsive as a result of a software malfunction after the mobile devices were upgraded by XXX Ltd. The mobile devices were then susceptible to wireless†¦show more content†¦Failure to have a proper organizational structure by having two separate leads, Director of DPA and Director of Information Management, results in ambiguity in the upward reporting chain and a less conducive environment for definitive c ommunication and progress reporting. The organizational structure implemented can be described as a â€Å"Lightweight Matrix† (Ulrich, K.T. and Eppinger, S.D. 2000) where an issue for the project manager is described as the â€Å"Two bosses problem†. The structure that was employed was not carefully articulated for efficient project execution because there was no Responsibility Chart formulated to carefully integrate the list of tasks, designations together with milestone planning. Additionally, there was no formal specification of task details or progress reporting done with a paper trail as in the case with Taz who had a verbal briefing of his duties and was giving verbal reports at meetings. Re – designing the organizational structure with a single leader is recommended. Also, introducing official log forms that need to be filled and filed for reporting purposes. Project Scope Management Project Scope Management accounts for â€Å"all the work required, and only the work required, to complete the project successfully† (PMBoK Guide 5th Edition, pg 104). Fulfilling this Knowledge Area ensures that the project manager has an understanding of all the work or tasks the project entails. It can be further refinedShow MoreRelatedProject Management : Projects Management902 Words   |  4 PagesProject Management Project Management. What does the words Project Management mean and what are the steps to managing a great project. If we break down the two words Project Management it is defined on dictionary.com as â€Å"The process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling the production of a system†. As shown in the website Project Insight there are multiple different steps in the project management roll such as project scope, life cycle, objectives, assumptions, constraintsRead MoreProject Management and Project Management It3115 Words   |  13 PagesExamination Paper: Project Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper Project Management Section A: Objective Type (30 marks) †¢ †¢ †¢ This section consists of multiple choices questions and short answer type questions. Answer all the questions. Part One questions carry 1 mark each and Part Two questions carry 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple choices: 1. During _________formal tools and techniques were developed to help and manage large complex projects. a. 1950s b. 1980sRead MoreProject Portfolio Management : Project Management1432 Words   |  6 PagesProject Portfolio Management (PPM) is the centralized management of the processes, methods, and technologies used by project managers and project management offices (PMOs) to analyze and collectively manage current or proposed projects based on numerous key characteristics. The objectives of PPM are to determine the optimal resource mix for delivery and to schedule activities to best achieve an organization’s operational and financial goals ― while honoring constraints imposed by customers, strategicRead MoreProject Management, Project Communication, And Project Stakeholder Management797 Words   |  4 Pagesareas of project management that stood out while taking this program. Project integrated management, project communication, and project stakeholder management. A discussion on how they are executed will be presented. As more courses were taken during this project management graduate program, many of the project management concepts became clear and revealed more of the interdependencies and intricate dynamics that are required for successful project management. Stakeholder Management Project StakeholderRead MoreProject Management : Project Integration Management1236 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Direct and Manage Project Execution is the process for executing the work defined in the project management plan to achieve the project s requirements/objectives defined in the project scope statement† (comp. PMBOK3, p. 78). The Project Manager helps with the execution of the planned activities, sometimes with the assistance of a project management team for larger projects. This occurs during the execution phase of the project. Figure: Phases of a project When we are completing the work assignedRead MoreProject Management Msc. 7Pjmn009W Project Management Project.1391 Words   |  6 Pages Project Management MSc 7PJMN009W Project Management Project Author: Maria Chico Garrido Date: 06 March 2017 Version: 1.1 Project type: Academic Preferred Supervisor: Proposed Title: How does the use of formal project management methodologies in complex Home Automation projects contribute to project success? Main Deliverables/Milestones: Deliverable Date Project Mandate 09 March 2017 Project Brief: In depth literature review of formal project management methodologies and project success. BackgroundRead MoreProject Management1510 Words   |  7 PagesSystem. You are the project manager on a project to construct a flyover in the city to ease traffic congestion. Flyover construction should cause minimum disruption to the traffic until it is complete. Ensuring safety of the commuters and workers at the site is the responsibility of your company. The date of completion of the project is six months from now. This date cannot be extended because of an upcoming international summit in the city. To achieve the overall project time lines, the followingRead MoreProject Management Project And Change Management1940 Words   |  8 Pages Paper on project management in smart voice project Sohail Kamdar Project and change management Table of contents Name of the topic Page No. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4-5 View point of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Outlook of the project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Milestone inventory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-7 WBS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Plan of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-9 Cost savings plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreProject Management1713 Words   |  7 PagesProject Management The Project Manager has some tasks that have to be carried out, he/she is responsible for the full project. The Project Manager has to make the best use of all the resources so the project can be completed successfully. The project Manager sets the boundaries for the project, such as schedules and what is done and when it has to be completed. There are various tasks the project manager is responsible for such as: 1) Time and resource allocation and management 2) Setting upRead MoreProject Management1015 Words   |  5 Pagesor renewed interest in the field of project management? IT is growing at a rapid rate and with that growth demands people to manage this growth. People I think are more trained to be project managers and also there is new software that helps tremendously with the management part of the tasks. So demand is up, skilled workers are up, and the cost benefit is there for this renewed interest. 2. What is a project, and what are its main attributes? How is a project different from what most people do

Drug Utilization Study Of Antidepressants Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(26) " were males and 87 \( 51\." There is a demand for prospective drug use surveies to adequately measure patient attention and installation indexs. Ordering wonts among head-shrinkers can be improved by making consciousness about taking drugs from the Essential Medicines List. Inclusion of a drug in the infirmary formulary requires consideration of both prescribers ‘ pick of a drug and its presence in the Essential Medicines List. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Utilization Study Of Antidepressants Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Prescriber instruction can besides concentrate on decrease in prescription of attendant ataractic soporifics. Prescribers should besides be encouraged to look into for patients ‘ conformity with the prescribed medicines and to enter them in the instance sheets. Such steps will advance the rational usage of medical specialties and finally, the quality of health care. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines Drug use as the selling, distribution, prescription and usage of drugs in a society, with particular accent on the ensuing medical, societal and economic consequences.1 Often, drugs are non used maintaining in head their safety and efficacy.2 Rational drug prescribing is the usage of the least figure of drugs to obtain the best possible consequence in the shortest period and at a sensible cost.3 Irrational prescribing and disparity between prescription and ingestion of medical specialties may countervail the benefits demonstrated by randomized controlled tests on drug efficacy.4-7 Furthermore, optimistic outlooks of a drug, based on consequences of clinical tests may non happen when used outdoors controlled settings.8 The recent proliferation of new drugs, increasing acknowledgment of delayed inauspicious effects and concentrate on pharmacoeconomic considerations has stimulated involvement in ordering forms of physicians.5 Antidepressant prescribing forms have changed globally over the last few old ages, with conventional drugs like tricyclics and MAO inhibitors being bit by bit replaced by selective 5-hydroxytryptamines reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIS ) and fresh antidepressants. Prevalence of antidepressant use in the community is lifting in Western populations, with Iceland, Australia and Sweden holding the highest consumption.9 Therefore, our purpose was to analyze the drug use of antidepressant drugs in the psychiatric unit of a third attention infirmary in Pondicherry. Our aims were: To detect the prescribing form of antidepressants among head-shrinkers in our infirmary To measure the reason of the prescriptions To measure the prevalence of antidepressant use in the community MATERIALS AND METHODS Type of survey: Retrospective and experimental. Time period of survey: 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2006 Topographic point of survey: Psychiatric unit of a third attention infirmary in Pondicherry. Inclusion standards: 1. All patients who attended the Psychiatry outpatient ( OP ) clinic of the infirmary from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2006. 2. All patients diagnosed with depressive or adjustment upset ( diagnosed as per International Classification of Diseases – ICD 10 standards ) 10 or any status where antidepressants are indicated. Exclusion standards: Patients who did non have antidepressant drugs. Patients go oning merely those antidepressant drugs prescribed outside the infirmary. Data aggregation: Case records of Psychiatry outpatient clinic were taken from the medical records subdivision of the infirmary. Datas were entered in a pre-designed proforma ( Fig1 ) . From the multiple prescriptions in the instance record with follow-up visits, we took all prescriptions incorporating at least one antidepressant as one prescription. Therefore, if the initial prescription was continued, it was regarded as the same prescription for the given continuance. Any dose alteration in that prescription was noted for ciphering drug ingestion. Addition of another antidepressant to or alteration of antidepressant from the bing regimen was regarded as a separate prescription. In both instances, the figure of drugs in the prescription included the added or changed antidepressant ( s ) , along with attendant medicines from the earlier prescription. However, prescriptions incorporating drugs for co-morbid conditions ( non-psychiatric ) which were non prescribed in the section of Psychiatry were excluded. Sampling frame: All patients run intoing eligibility standards as given above. Datas analysis: Datas were subjected to analysis for: Demographic inside informations ( Age and gender ) Psychiatric diagnosing Antidepressant drugs prescribed 4. Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, frequence and continuance. 5. Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs. 6. Defined daily dose ( DDD ) of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) 7. Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants 8. PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressants Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ( ATC ) categorization and Defined Daily Dose ( DDD ) per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) computations were used for gauging antidepressant usage in the community. Following the methodological analysis outlined by WHO,11 we calculated DID as follows: DID =Amount of antidepressant prescribed in 1 twelvemonth ( milligram ) Ten 1000 dwellers DDD ( milligram ) X 365 yearss X Population of Pondicherry and Cuddalore All patients belonged to either Pondicherry or Cuddalore territory of Tamil Nadu. So, for computation of DID, we used the population of Pondicherry every bit good as Cuddalore territory as per available statistics. Entire figure of DIDs is calculated by adding up the DIDs for single antidepressants. PDD was calculated as follows: For each prescription, there were multiple doses of the antidepressants, due to dose titrations and we took the norm of the day-to-day doses for the antidepressant as the PDD. This procedure was repeated for all the indicants of each antidepressant and the concluding value was the norm of the PDDs therefore obtained. PDD to DDD ratio was so calculated. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistical tools were used. Ethical clearance: As it was a non-interventional survey, the institutional research commission granted waiver on the confidence that capable confidentiality would be maintained. We took the undermentioned stairss in this respect: Designation of patients by the infirmary figure merely and non by name. Case records to be accessed by research workers in the Medical records subdivision merely. Patient inside informations non to be divulged to any party other than co-authors. Proformas to be destroyed after decision of survey. Consequence Demographic inside informations: Out of 222 patients having psychoactive medical specialties during the survey period, 169 ( 76.58 % ) received one or more antidepressants. Among these 169 patients, 82 ( 48.52 % ) were males and 87 ( 51. You read "Drug Utilization Study Of Antidepressants Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples"48 % ) were females. Age distribution of patients having antidepressants is shown in Fig 2. Psychiatric diagnosings: Distribution of primary psychiatric diagnosings of patients having antidepressants is shown in Table 1. Antidepressant drugs prescribed: Entire figure of prescriptions given was 192 and a sum of 446 drugs were prescribed. Of them, 192 were antidepressant medicines of 8 types, as per ATC category. Table 2 and Fig 3 show different antidepressants prescribed. Number of antidepressant prescriptions along with their indicants is shown in Table 3. Substitutions and Adjunctive antidepressants: Change of antidepressant was required on 18 occasions. Duloxetine was substituted on 10 occasions, escitalopram on 4, mirtazapine on 3 and imipramine on 1 juncture. Addition of a 2nd antidepressant was seen on 3 occasions because of hapless response with a individual drug. Of them, duloxetine was the first antidepressant on 2 occasions and mirtazapine on 1. Attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry: Table 4 shows attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry. Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, frequence and continuance: Besides patient inside informations and outpatient designation figure, prescriptions contained the patient ‘s primary diagnosing, drug ( s ) prescribed, dose signifier, dosage, frequence of disposal and continuance of intervention along with the day of the months of followup. There was no incorrect dosage, frequence and continuance of intervention ; in some instances, inappropriate drug was prescribed for a incorrect diagnosing which was corrected when primary diagnosing was revised on follow up. Table 5 shows the figure of drugs per prescription among the 192 prescriptions. More than 5 drugs were non prescribed to any patient. Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs: As per WHO Prescribing indexs, we observed: Average figure of drugs per prescription: 2.32 ( 446/192 ) Percentage of antidepressant drugs prescribed by generic name: 88.54 % ( 170/192 X 100 ) Percentage of Fixed dose combinations ( FDCs ) of antidepressants: Nothing Percentage of brushs for ordering injections of antidepressants: Nothing Percentage of antidepressant drugs prescribed from Essential Medicines List ( 16th EML of WHO ) : 1.56 % ( 3/192 X 100 ) Percentage of drugs prescribed from the National List of Essential Medicines ( NLEM, endorsed 2002 ) was 2.60 % ( 5/192 X 100 ) . Percentage of drugs prescribed from the infirmary pharmacopeia was 96.35 % ( 185/192 X 100 ) . Defined daily dose ( DDD ) of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) : ATC cryptography, DDD and computation of DID are summarized in Table 6. Entire figure of DIDs of antidepressants was 0.02. Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants and PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressants: PDD and PDD to DDD ratios are besides summarized in Table 6. Discussion Demographic inside informations: Antidepressants were prescribed more in females ( 51.48 % ) than in males ( 48.52 % ) . This is consistent with findings in other studies.12,13 This female preponderance might reflect the higher prevalence rate of psychiatric morbidity in adult females, peculiarly, depressive and anxiousness upsets and may besides be due to gender functions played by adult females in society, with more voicing of psychological jobs and seeking of professional help.13 The age distribution shows the bulk of patients, having antidepressants belonging to 21-30 old ages age group ( 36.69 % ) . In fact, 66.27 % were aged between 21 and 40 old ages. This is in contrast to the consequences of a survey of antidepressant usage in East Asia, wherein the average age of patients having antidepressant prescriptions was more than 40 years.14 In another survey in Europe, where antidepressants were the 2nd most normally prescribed psychotropic drugs, bulk of the users were between 35 and 49 old ages, with a average age greater than 40 years.13 Psychiatric diagnosings: Depressive upset was the most common psychiatric diagnosing among the population ( n=222 ) , with a prevalence of 47.75 % . It was besides the most common indicant for utilizing antidepressants ( 62.72 % ) , followed by Mixed Anxiety and Depressive upset and Schizophrenia with station schizophrenic depression among the top three diagnosings. Antidepressant drugs prescribed: Antidepressants were the most common psychotropic drugs prescribed ( 76.58 % ) . Choice of antidepressant was based on ICD diagnosing, badness of disease/disorder, co-morbidity, drug efficaciousness and considerations for patients ‘ tolerability. Most common antidepressant prescribed was the Selective Noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor ( SNRI ) duloxetine ( 50 % ) . The newer antidepressants – duloxetine, escitalopram, Zoloft and mirtazapine accounted for the majority of prescriptions. ( 96.36 % ) , which follows the planetary tendency towards antidepressant prescribing.14-18 In many surveies, Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) accounted for the majority of the prescribed antidepressants, with high ordering rates.14-17 In our survey, SSRIs – escitalopram, Zoloft and Prozac were prescribed on 57 out of 192 occasions ( 29.69 % ) . Among the SSRIs, escitalopram was the preferable drug. Again, this is in contra st to findings in the East Asian survey on antidepressant usage, wherein Prozac and Zoloft were prescribed more often than escitalopram and its usage was lower than Desyrel, mirtazapine, impramine hydrochloride and amitryptiline. However, ordering rates of tricyclic antidepressants impramine hydrochloride and amitryptiline were lower than the prevalent norms.14 Doses of antidepressants were prescribed harmonizing to badness of disease/disorder, get downing with low doses and titrated upward or downward harmonizing to clinical response and patients were kept on regular followup. Duloxetine was the most common antidepressant prescribed in Depressive upset ( 56.56 % ) , Mixed Anxiety and Depressive Disorder ( 41.38 % ) and in BPAD ( 62.50 % ) . Most common antidepressant prescribed in Schizophrenia with post-schizophrenic depression was escitalopram ( 44.44 % ) , and in OCD, Zoloft ( 80 % ) . Substitutions and Adjunctive antidepressants: Prescription of a individual antidepressant was common and occurred in 98.44 % of instances. Reasons for altering an antidepressant were hapless curative response or unbearable inauspicious effects. Duloxetine was the most normally substituted antidepressant. It was besides the most common antidepressant to which adjunctive antidepressant drug was prescribed. Attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry: Ataractic soporifics were the most common group of drugs prescribed ( 65.10 % ) concomitantly with antidepressants, followed by major tranquilizers, temper stabilizers, trihexiphenidyl, acamprosate, propranolol and vitamin B1. Except for Vitamin B1, which was prescribed in Alcohol Dependence, and propranolol, which was prescribed for intervention of shudders, all others were psychoactive medicines. Trihexiphenidyl was prescribed to counter the extrapyramidal inauspicious effects of attendant major tranquilizers. Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, frequence and continuance: Rational prescribing was followed as per the rules of prescription order writing.19 Sing the definitions of polypharmacy which are most normally cited, there was no polypharmacy because there was no prescribing of antidepressant medicine which did non fit diagnosing and there was no prescription with more than 5 drugs.20 68.23 % of the prescriptions ( 131 out of 192 ) had 2 drugs or less, which is recommended. However, there were instances where wrong diagnosing led to ordering of inappropriate drug ab initio ; it was rectified when primary diagnosing was revised on follow up. Clinicians ‘ pick of drug was non based chiefly on affordability for the patient, so the cheapest drug was non ever prescribed. Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs: The mean figure of drugs per prescription was more than 2, which is high. But, we had excluded all prescriptions where antidepressants were non prescribed. So, prescriptions where merely guidance was provided were non considered, in which instance the figure of prescriptions with less than 2 drugs would hold risen, thereby conveying down the mean figure of drugs per brush. Ordering by generic names was high ( 88.54 % ) and close to 100 % . There were no fixed dosage combinations ( FDCs ) or injectible readyings prescribed, which indicate rational prescribing patterns. The per centum of drugs prescribed from the 16th WHO Essential Medicines List and the National Essential Medicines List ( endorsed 2002 ) was low. However, per centum of drugs prescribed from the infirmary pharmacopeia was really high ( 96.35 % ) . This indicates the demand to convey about a balance between clinicians ‘ petitions for maintaining a dru g in the infirmary pharmacopeia and the recommendations of WHO and National Essential Medicines Lists. ATC Classification, Defined daily dose ( DDD ) and DDD of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) : The anatomical curative chemical ( ATC ) categorization system divides drugs into different groups harmonizing to the organ or system on which they act and their chemical, pharmacological and curative properties.21,22 Each drug is assigned a peculiar combination of letters and Numberss. The defined day-to-day dosage ( DDD ) is the false mean care dose per twenty-four hours for a drug used for its chief indicant in adults.21 DDD was developed to get the better of expostulations against traditional units of measuring of drug ingestion and to guarantee comparison between drug use surveies carried out at different locations and different clip periods. Entire DID of the antidepressants show low ingestion, in crisp contrast to the tendency of Western European states and the USA, particularly during the last decennary, with high rates of antidepressant prescribing and consumption.9,22,23 DID for duloxetine can be interpreted as 0.0025 out of 1000 patients or 0.025 % would hold used a dosage of 60mg. Similarly, DIDs of escitalopram, mirtazapine, Zoloft, impramine hydrochloride, Desyrel, amitryptiline and Prozac can be interpreted as ingestion of their several DDDs by a population of 0.019 % , 0.004 % , 1.007 % , 0.003 % , 0.019 % , 0.12 % and 0.00007 % . Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants: The prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) is defined as the norm dosage prescribed harmonizing to a representative sample of prescriptions. It is of import to associate the PDD to the diagnosing on which the dose is based. The PDD will give the mean day-to-day sum of a drug that is really prescribed. PDD is particularly of import for drugs where the recommended dose differs from one indicant to another ( e.g. psychotropic drugs ) . When there is a significant disagreement between the PDD and the DDD, it is of import to take this into consideration when evaluating and construing drug use figures, peculiarly in footings of morbidity.24 PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressants: Ratio of PDD to DDD is frequently used as an indicant of the adequateness of dosing. A ratio less than 1 as seen in instance of duloxetine and mirtazapine indicates under-dosing. A ratio greater than 1 was seen for Zoloft and amitryptiline. All other antidepressants showed a PDD to DDD ratio equal to 1, reflecting the adequateness of dosing in these cases.25 Restrictions of the survey: Our consequences should, nevertheless, be seen in the visible radiation of the little sample size, compared to the surveies with which they have been compared. Restrictions of the survey were the deficiency of patient attention indexs and some of the installation indexs like handiness of drugs and impact of cost on drug intervention, which increase the public-service corporation of the survey, but which can be derived prospectively merely. As with any drug use survey, existent usage or conformity with prescribed antidepressant was non possible to supervise, more so with a retrospective survey of instance records, where notes on conformity are missing. Furthermore, we could non quantify informations on comparative clinical effectivity of the antidepressants. Strengths of the survey: Strengths of the survey are the usage of a structured proforma for informations aggregation with inside informations of drug prescriptions on follow up visits, and a comprehensive application of drug use tools like ATC/DDD categorization and computation of DID and PDD/DDD ratios to measure prevalence of antidepressant usage in the community of the survey population. Documentation of longitudinal follow-up informations gives a better thought of drug ingestion than transverse sectional informations. Data on drug permutations and augmentations every bit good as attendant psychotropic medicines are besides provided. Decision: Our survey shows that depressive upset was the most common psychiatric diagnosing in the population and antidepressants were the most normally prescribed psychotropic medical specialties. There was a higher prevalence of antidepressant prescribing for adult females. Majority of antidepressants were prescribed to immature and older grownups between 21and 40 old ages. The SNRI Duloxetine, the SSRIs escitalopram and Zoloft and the untypical antidepressant mirtazapine were the most normally prescribed antidepressants, with or without other attendant psychotropic medical specialties. Most patients were treated by a individual antidepressant. However, hapless response and/or tolerability considerations made the prescribers change the antidepressant or add a 2nd antidepressant. Antidepressants were prescribed for many indicants other than depressive upset and head-shrinkers ‘ pick of drug was influenced by diagnosing, badness of disease/disorder, co-morbidity, drug efficacio usness, and considerations for patients ‘ tolerability, but non chiefly on the cost of medicine. Prescriptions were complete and polypharmacy was non seen. Favorable and unfavorable results were seen for 3 and 2 WHO ordering indexs severally. Consumption of antidepressants in the community was low. Adequate dosing was seen for all antidepressants, except for duloxetine and mirtazapine, for which under-dosing was prevailing. Recommendations: There is a demand for prospective drug use surveies to get the better of some of the restrictions of our survey. Ordering wonts among head-shrinkers can be improved farther by making consciousness about taking drugs from the Essential Medicines List and cut down prescription of ataractic soporifics. Such steps can diminish the figure of drugs per prescription and besides the cost of therapy. Prescribers should besides be encouraged to look into for patients ‘ conformity with the prescribed medicines and to enter them in the instance sheets. Such steps will advance the rational usage of medical specialties and finally, the quality of health care. How to cite Drug Utilization Study Of Antidepressants Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Cult Essay Research Paper CultsThere are many free essay sample

Cult Essay, Research Paper Cults There are many types of cults in the universe, cults are everyplace but you merely do non see them. Every individual in the universe has been in contact with them in one manner or another in many instances you can non see them. The closest cult we know of is on Rice Lake called the Moonies led by Reverend Myung, where I have presently visited. Cults can be involved in churches and even are earliest faiths are called cults. Cults are non the strongest groups # 8217 ; religious orders are the strongest group. When you join a religious order you can non acquire out of them but a cult you can go forth without holding any job or committedness. Sects will non allow you out because many times it # 8217 ; s illegal and they are afraid that you will state something to the populace. Cults sometimes are illegal to. Religious cults are in every town and small town there is no definition of a cult that is accepted by sociologists and psychologist or faith many types of activities will take cult like constructions, an illustration would be any popular tendency like physical exercising this is called the physical fittingness cult. Celebrated jocks are a large figure when it comes to cults, many times Movie stars, professional jocks will back a merchandise and a tendency will get down, doing it turn into a cult. Besides people who generate beliefs of something like winging disk, foreigners or any unknown figures can be cult. In faith when people call a church they are mentioning to a sacred organisation holding a extremely structured or formalized tenet and hierarchy, but besides leting a spot of flexibleness about rank demands leting you to travel to a church and leave church when you want to. Although religious orders are against church efforts to suit to secular society. Sects believe that they a re protecting a true religion or belief. Sects tend to remain off from universe events, and besides they believe in a strong rigorous behavioral codification and demand a committedness out of their people. The differences between cults and religious orders are sometimes the same. Many bookmans do non do differentiations between the two. Cults are different because they do non anticipate as much committedness. Many times # 8217 ; cults do non anticipate twosomes to go apart. Cults do non last every bit long as religious orders. Many times # 8217 ; cults survive through a decennary, and besides cults allow you to come and travel as you want. Leaderships of cults build around a magnetic leader who has a life style dedicated to a specific spiritualty group that they know other people will follow. The word Mormonism began as a little cult so grew bigger until it became a religious order and finally into a church. All the new faiths followed the same thing by get downing little and acqu iring bigger than going a church. Contemporary Cults Cults travel back every bit far as we know of life, cults began to acquire bigger and be known throughout the universe in the late 1960? s and early 70? s as people were better educated and better understood how they were formed and how they were run and people began to fall in. During this clip Youths and in-between category people began to fall in cults because of the in thing to make and they felt more unafraid about themselves. Cults truly started to intrigue people when Jimmy Jones cult began in November of 1978 when all attending was focused on the mass self-destruction in Jonestown, a similar event happened in 1993 when federal agents engaged in a shoot out with cult leader David Koresh. Modern cults have many different patterns and many different ways of leading. Some cults have a flexible functional leading, like the groups in the magnetic motion coming from the mainland Christian faith, other cults have people who run and orchestrate cult events, like Reverend Myung Moon leader of the unification church. The ground people are attracted to modern cults because it puts accent on community and on direct experience with the Godhead. In cults # 8217 ; participants frequently find a degree of soci al support and credence that they do non happen in a atomic household. This makes and generates a sense of belonging to something profound and a feel of being person. Peoples who frequently join cults such as this, articulation because they think they are acquiring something the universe did non give them. Several factors have been looked at to calculate why people like are modern young persons articulation cults. Factors that were looked at were drug’s war tryst of many unpopular presidents. Cults have been questioned about brainwashing people, and found it to be true. Cargo Cults Cargo cults are normally neutralist and are in it for money. The word lading refers to foreign goods possessed by Europeans. Cult members believe that goods belong to themselves and that, with the aid of hereditary liquors, the goods can be returned to them through thaumaturgy spiritual agencies. Brainwashing Brainwashing is the procedure of intentionally subjecting people to physical and psychological adversity in order to change their ideas and attitudes, and actions. It besides is a procedure of wholly cleaning a head of one set thought and replacing them by another idea or belief. This is called to indoctrinate cleaning a idea and seting a wholly new thought in head. Indoctrinating can take topographic point without brainwashing. There are 2 facets of brainwashing they are confessions of past offenses or mistakes of the past and re-education to new beliefs. Prisoners sometimes are made to s queal by deficiency of slumber and nutrient and other signifiers of intense physical uncomfortableness, besides isolation from victims # 8217 ; households and from familiar milieus. Cult leaders show obeisance, and humbleness and do other members give societal force per unit area to the new member to do them fall in. And the last thing they do is do common unfavorable judgment and self unfavorable judgment Sessionss, which make them hold a generalized guilt feeling that all people have credence of new thoughts is once more fostered by group force per unit area and the awaited wages of freedom. Peoples who have a better apprehension of psychological science and neuophysiology have made larger groups create highly effectual brainwashing plans. Their techniques nevertheless have been used for centuries as Inquisition doing people give aroused confessions from alleged misbelievers. Religions sometimes use these methods like scourging, rhythmic dance and drumming and sometimes bring oning a enchantment like province in which the person is unfastened to transition. In the twentieth centuries, most perceptibly by the people # 8217 ; s temple of Guyana, whose rank committed mass self-destruction. Mystery Cults Mystery Cults are normally in the ancient times whose members believed that by agencies of the public presentation of peculiar secret rites they would derive knowledge that people in the normal universe would non hold and that would do a mystical brotherhood with the Godhead. Mystery cults make their members feel they are god and give them a feel of immortality that they ca n non be destroyed. Many times in enigma cults, cult leaders feel they died and were brought back to be god or Jesus. Decision In today? s society, cults are one of the many unfortunate facets endure in life. Leaderships of Cults should be dealt with in a more serious affair. Cult leaders are con-artists and are people that like to command others. Cults should be controlled to protect guiltless citizens from being taken advantage of. Bibliography CDROM: Religious Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993 CDROM: Contemporary Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993. CDROM: Cargo Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993. CDROM: Contemporary Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993. CDROM: Religious Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc.. 1993. CDROM: Contemporary Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc..1993 CDROM: Contemporary Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc..1993 CDROM Cargo Cults. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc..1993 VI